By: Steven Whitaker

Re-posted from: https://blog.glcs.io/julia-repl

Julia is a relatively new,
free, and open-source programming language.
It has a syntax
similar to that of other popular programming languages
such as MATLAB and Python,
but it boasts being able to achieve C-like speeds.

Similarly to other dynamic languages,
Julia provides a REPL
(read-eval-print loop)
for interactive development.

Here are some reasons why
the Julia REPL is a useful tool:

• It speeds up prototyping
  because not all your code
  needs to compile each time
  you tweak a function.
• It enables interactively
  working with and inspecting
  Julia objects
  (for example,
  to see what data is stored,
  or to discover object fields).
• It provides different prompt modes,
  enabling interactive access
  to documentation
  and providing a clean interface
  for package management.

In this post,
we will learn how to use the Julia REPL,
including the different prompt modes
and some useful keybindings.

This post assumes you already have Julia installed.
If you haven’t yet,
check out our earlier
post on how to install Julia.

Starting the Julia REPL

The Julia REPL starts immediately
when the Julia executable runs,
either by double-clicking the executable
or by calling julia from the terminal
(with no arguments).

$ julia
               _
   _       _ _(_)_     |  Documentation: https://docs.julialang.org
  (_)     | (_) (_)    |
   _ _   _| |_  __ _   |  Type "?" for help, "]?" for Pkg help.
  | | | | | | |/ _` |  |
  | | |_| | | | (_| |  |  Version 1.X.X (20XX-XX-XX)
 _/ |\__'_|_|_|\__'_|  |  Official https://julialang.org/ release
|__/                   |

julia>

Once the REPL starts,
you will be at the Julia prompt.

REPL Prompt Modes

The Julia REPL can operate
in different prompt modes:

• Julia mode (the default),
• help mode,
• Pkg mode, and
• shell mode.

To enter help, Pkg, or shell mode,
place the cursor
at the beginning of the Julia mode prompt
and
type a question mark (?),
a closing bracket (]),
or a semicolon (;),
respectively.
To return to Julia mode,
place the cursor
at the beginning of the prompt
and press Backspace.

Julia Mode

The default prompt mode
is the Julia prompt,
where Julia code can be evaluated.
We can type any valid Julia code
and press Enter,
and then the code will be evaluated
and the result displayed.

julia> 1 + 1
2

We can also type invalid Julia code,
and the REPL will tell us what went wrong.

julia> 1 + 1)
ERROR: syntax: extra token ")" after end of expression

We can assign variables
and define functions
to use in subsequent expressions.

julia> a = "hello"
"hello"

julia> function say(x)
           "say " * x
       end
say (generic function with 1 method)

julia> say(a)
"say hello"

Note that the most recently evaluated statement
is stored in a variable called ans.

julia> ans
"say hello"

If desired,
we can suppress output
with a semicolon ;.

julia> "no output";

Note, however,
that a semicolon does not suppress
the output of commands like print.

julia> print("this still prints");
this still prints

Including Code from a File

We can also evaluate code
stored in a file.
For example,
suppose we have a file, code.jl,
with the following contents:

# code.jl

function plus1(x)
    return x + 1
end

a = 3
b = plus1(a)

We can run this code in the REPL
with the include function:

julia> include("code.jl")
4

Note that 4 is the result
of the last evaluated line
of the file,
so that is what is displayed
at the REPL.

Now that code.jl has been included,
we can use what was defined
in the file.

julia> c = a + b
7

julia plus1(c)
8

Numbered Prompt

As noted earlier,
ans stores the value
of the most recently evaluated statement.
This means that ans is overwritten
every time code is evaluated.
Sometimes, however,
it can be useful to store
more than just the most recent result.
Julia provides a numbered prompt
for this purpose.
It can be activated as follows:

julia> using REPL

julia> REPL.numbered_prompt!()

Then the prompt will change
from julia> to In [x]:,
and results that would have been written to ans
will now be written to Out[x].

In [3]: 2^7
128

In [4]: Out[3]
128

Help Mode

Help mode is useful if,
as the name suggests,
you need help.
Help mode displays the documentation
(if available)
for what is typed in the prompt.

With your cursor at the beginning
of the Julia prompt,
type ? to enter help mode.
Doing so will change the prompt
from julia> to help?>.
From there,
just type what you want help with.

We can pull up the documentation for a function:

help?> print
search: print println printstyled sprint isprint prevind parentindices

  print([io::IO], xs...)


  Write to io (or to the default output stream stdout if io is not given)
  a canonical (un-decorated) text representation.
  

We can find help
for a variable we have defined:

julia> a = 4;

help?> a
search: a any all abs ans Any axes atan asin asec any! all! acsc acot acos

  No documentation found.

  a is of type Int64.
  

We can also figure out
how to type unicode characters:

help?> 
"" can be typed by \equiv<tab>

(Just copy-paste the unicode character
you want help typing.)

Pkg Mode

Pkg mode provides a convenient interface
for package management.

With your cursor at the beginning
of the Julia prompt,
type ] to enter Pkg mode.
Doing so will change the prompt
from julia> to (environment) pkg>.
Here,
environment refers to
the currently active package environment,
which by default is @v1.X
(where 1.X is the Julia version currently running).

(A package environment is essentially
the set of packages currently available to use.
We will talk more about package environments
in a future post.)

Once in Pkg mode,
we can (among other things)

• list the currently available packages:

  pkg> st
  

• add packages:

  pkg> add Plots
  

• remove packages:

  pkg> rm Plots
  

• and update packages:

  pkg> up
  

We can also ask for help:

pkg> ?
  Welcome to the Pkg REPL-mode. To return to the julia> prompt, either press
  backspace when the input line is empty or press Ctrl+C.
  

pkg> ? st
  [st|status] [-d|--diff] [-o|--outdated] [pkgs...]
  [st|status] [-d|--diff] [-o|--outdated] [-p|--project] [pkgs...]
  [st|status] [-d|--diff] [-o|--outdated] [-m|--manifest] [pkgs...]
  [st|status] [-d|--diff] [-e|--extensions] [-p|--project] [pkgs...]
  [st|status] [-d|--diff] [-e|--extensions] [-m|--manifest] [pkgs...]
  [st|status] [-c|--compat] [pkgs...]


  Show the status of the current environment.
  

Visit the full Pkg documentation
for more details.

Shell Mode

Shell mode enables quick access
to the system shell.

With your cursor at the beginning
of the Julia prompt,
type ; to enter help mode.
Doing so will change the prompt
from julia> to shell>.

Once in shell mode,
we can type system commands.
For example:

shell> echo shell mode
shell mode

Note that on Windows,
windows shell commands are not exposed.
However,
PowerShell or the command prompt
can respectively be accessed via

shell> powershell

or

shell> cmd

Useful Keybindings

There are several useful keybindings,
or keyboard shortcuts,
that help improve and streamline
work at the REPL.

Accessing Previous Commands

When working at the REPL,
it is often the case
where previous commands need to be repeated,
possibly with some modification.
There are two keybindings
for accessing previous REPL commands.

• Up (i.e., the up arrow key):
  Press Up
  to cycle through previous commands
  in reverse chronological order.
  If there is text before the cursor,
  only commands that match
  up to the cursor
  will be found.
  For example,
  pressing Up on a blank REPL line
  will bring up the previous command,
  while pressing Up
  after typing in
  will bring up the previous command
  that starts with in
  (e.g., include("code.jl"),
  but not 1 + 1).
• ctrl-r and ctrl-s:
  Press Control and the r key simultaneously
  to enable reverse search mode,
  and then type part of the command to find.
  The most recent command
  that matches the search query
  will be found.
  Press ctrl-r again to find
  the next most recent, matching command,
  and so on.
  If you accidentally skip the command
  you were looking for,
  press ctrl-s to search
  in the opposite direction
  (forward search mode).
  Press Enter to select the command found,
  or press ctrl-c to exit search mode.

Tab Completion

Tab completion is another useful feature
of the Julia REPL.
After typing the first character(s)
of a word,
press Tab to complete the word
if there is an existing Julia object
that matches what was typed.
For example:

julia> my_very_long_variable = 1;

julia> my<tab>
julia> my_very_long_variable

If there are multiple matches,
Tab will complete up to the ambiguity.
Press Tab again to display the matches.

julia> prin<tab>
julia> print<tab>

print        println      printstyled

Dictionary keys and object fields
can also be discovered
with tab completion.

julia> d = Dict("key1" => 1, "key2" => 2, "another_key" => 3);

julia> d["k<tab>
julia> d["key<tab>

"key1"  "key2"

julia> t = (foo = 1, foobar = 2);

julia> t.f<tab>
julia> t.foo<tab>

foo     foobar

Finally,
tab completion can also display
available function methods.

julia> split(<tab>
split(str::T, splitter; limit, keepempty) where T<:AbstractString @ Base strings/util.jl:601
split(str::AbstractString; limit, keepempty) @ Base strings/util.jl:608

Splitting a Command into Multiple Lines (alt-Enter)

Normally, when typing at the REPL,
pressing Enter
will evaluate the typed expression
(if it is a complete expression).
Sometimes, however,
we just want to insert a new line.
Pressing alt-Enter
(or alt-Shift-Enter on Windows)
will do just that.

Using a Text Editor (alt-e)

Instead of typing commands
at the REPL directly,
we can type commands
in a text editor of our choice
(e.g., specified by the EDITOR
environment variable on Linux)
by pressing alt-e.
After saving and exiting the text editor,
the contents will be pasted
into the REPL.

Halting Execution (ctrl-c)

If we want to stop a command,
we can press ctrl-c
to send an interrupt signal
and return to the Julia prompt.

julia> sleep(100)
^CERROR: InterruptException:


julia>

Note that ctrl-c displays as ^C
in the REPL.

Pressing ctrl-c can also be
an effective way
to get an empty prompt
(even if no code is running).

julia> I've typed a lot and don't feel like pressing Backspace^C

julia>

Terminating the REPL (ctrl-d)

Finally,
pressing ctrl-d
is a quick way
to terminate the REPL.

Summary

In this post,
we learned about the Julia REPL,
including the different prompt modes
and some useful keybindings.

How has your experience been
with the Julia REPL?
Let us know in the comments below!

Comfortable with the Julia REPL?
Move on to the
next post to learn about vectorizing, or broadcasting, functions!
Or,
feel free to take a look
at our other Julia tutorial posts!

Additional Links

• Julia REPL Documentation
  • Additional information about the REPL.
• Installing Julia and VS Code – A Comprehensive Guide
  • How-to guide for installing Julia and VS Code.

By: Elisabeth Roesch

Re-posted from: https://info.juliahub.com/blog/qsp-x37-faster

How do the world’s biggest pharma companies develop new treatments for killing cancerous cells?

The answer involves Julia and PumasQSP.

One of the world’s ten largest pharmaceutical firms used MATLAB, C++, and SimBiology for pharmacometric modeling and simulation. But they wanted more speed. Could Julia and PumasQSP deliver?